Understanding HMRC Code of Practice 9 (COP9) investigations

Code of Practice 9 (COP9) is a unique form of tax investigation conducted exclusively by HMRC’s elite investigation office, the Fraud Investigation Service (FIS). Unlike any other form of HMRC investigation, when HMRC opens a COP9 investigation, it gives recipients a choice of how they wish to proceed. It is imperative that taxpayers make the right choice for them, because the consequences of making an incorrect choice are severe.

Why you might receive a COP9 notice

HMRC only issues COP9 notices when it suspects you of deliberate tax fraud.

HMRC’s opening letter states:

“HMRC have information that gives us reason to suspect you have committed tax fraud.”

What is a Contractual Disclosure Facility (CDF)?

Tax fraud is a criminal offence. Every year hundreds of individuals are prosecuted by HMRC for knowingly failing to comply with their tax obligations. However, when HMRC opens a COP9 investigation, the recipient is also sent a contractual agreement known as the Contractual Disclosure Facility (CDF). The CDF underpins all COP9 investigations and, when accepted, forms a legally binding agreement between HMRC and the taxpayer.

In essence, when the CDF offer is accepted, taxpayers who make a full and accurate disclosure of the irregularities in their tax affairs will be immune from prosecution. This is a one-time offer made at the outset of a COP9 investigation and taxpayers will not be given the same opportunity again.

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Get further help with CDF and COP9 investigations

If you have CDF or COP9 questions, please contact us today and speak with one of our HMRC tax dispute specialists. They will be able to explore your situation further and provide guidance on the options available to you.

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Should you accept the CDF offer?

Taxpayers must only accept the CDF offer if they have deliberately failed to comply with their tax obligations. The UK Courts have consistently found that tax fraud is committed when a person knowingly and intentionally commits an offence. Therefore, if you did not know your tax declarations were inaccurate, you will not have committed a prosecutable offence and do not need immunity from prosecution.

By accepting the CDF offer and securing immunity from prosecution, you are admitting to tax fraud. While HMRC will not prosecute, they will charge higher financial penalties based on this admission. Consequently, there are downsides to accepting the CDF and we would urge taxpayers not to do so unless they genuinely need the immunity that is on offer.

It is also worth noting that HMRC will only offer immunity in respect of the deliberate irregularities that are disclosed. For example, where a taxpayer acknowledges that they deliberately failed to pay the right amount of tax in relation to their business activities, but fails to disclose that they have rental properties which have generated profits that haven’t been taxed, HMRC could still pursue a prosecution in respect of the rental income. HMRC will only offer the CDF once, and it is essential that taxpayers answer appropriately for their individual circumstances.

How can Kreston Reeves help?

The Kreston Reeves tax disputes team includes former HMRC FIS investigators who possess a thorough understanding of the COP9 process. We have guided clients who have accepted the CDF offer and those who have rejected the CDF offer with tremendous success and no Kreston Reeves client has ever been criminally prosecuted by HMRC.

Our experts will meet with you to discuss the circumstances of your case and help you to better understand your options. We can advise on whether you should accept the CDF offer and create a bespoke strategy on how best to respond to HMRC.

Investigations under COP9 are rarely finalised within 9 months. It is an intensive process that requires regular communication with your appointed representative. Consequently, we believe it essential that clients appoint an adviser that they trust and like. We offer an entirely free consultation to any prospective client and would encourage anyone needing help with a COP9 investigation to give us a call in total confidence.

Don’t forget, Kreston Reeves is a full service accountancy firm, so not only do we provide a broader range of related tax disputes services, we also provide a full spectrum of accountancy support, including extensive related tax services.

Explore our full range of tax services

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Explore our full range of tax dispute services

Whether you are already facing a COP9 investigation or are unsure about accepting a CDF offer, our tax dispute specialists can help, including our broader range of services which cover IR35 status reviews, voluntary disclosures and nudge letter responses, time to pay arrangements, HMRC criminal investigations and much more.

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